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Penis girth is something most men fail to realize is what pleasures a woman over the actual length of the penis. To define girth, it is the measurement of how thick your penis is. Girth measurements are taken from the circumference of the penis. The woman’s vagina is most sensitive within the first 1/3 of its length. Longer penises will only fit to a certain point, while thicker ones will apply the pressure to the more sexually sensitive areas at the front. Logic dictates that a longer penis isn’t going to be able to fit all the way inside her, while a thicker penis can (a woman’s vagina can stretch to huge amounts, for example in birth). To find out your own penis girth, simply get your penis into an erect state, and take a tape measure and wrap it around the thickest part of your penis shaft. This will be your girth size, and if it is above 5.2 inches, you’ll be above average. What you’re probably more concerned with though is, is it possible to increase your penis girth size? Well the answer is yes. Using natural penis exercises, and possibly a combination of penis enlargement pills to help promote the blood flow, a man can increase his penis girth maybe up to an inch of what it was previously. Although with girth sizes, it is important to remember that even a few millimeters in increase has a huge effect on the overall diameter of the penis. Below are two techniques you can use to help promote penis girth expansion. Remember, it is important to do a warm up exercise before you attempt any from below. To warm up get a cloth and soak it in some warm water and then rinse it. Wrap it around your penis and hold it there for about 4 minutes and then when you remove it, dry it with a towel to make sure you can get a good grip. You’re now all ready to perform your penis girth gaining exercises. The first technique I will talk about is commonly nicknamed The Flexing Girth or the Ultimate Jelq. First of all, take your penis in your hand, and massage it to around 60% to 80% erect. It is important not to do make it fully hard; else you can damage the blood vessels within it. Make an OK sign with your thumb and index finger, and then grip around the base of your penis. Squeeze the base for about 3 to 4 seconds then release and move up the penis shaft a bit. Repeat the squeeze and continue till you get to the head of your penis. Do this for about 5 minutes, or until you’ve done around 100 strokes. The second technique you can also use is nicknamed the Penis Squeeze. This one you can have your penis fully erect with, and is in fact essential that you do. Like the previous exercises, make an ok sign with your fingers on your left hand and grip tightly the base of the penis. Then with your right, gently push down on the head of the penis, like you’re trying to bend it in two. Perform the exercise for around 5 minutes. Remember, with any type of exercise, you’re not going to get results on the first day. You may not see anything until after a month of doing these, but the most important thing is to not stop. penis enlagement penis enargement photo vig rx enhancement best penis enhancement surgery best enlarement exercise penis penile enlargment herb natural penis enlargment and lengthening penis enlargement traction device

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Let's Face it if I mention Rabbit Vibrator you know what I am talking about and needs little introduction but few realise the workings behind this orgasmic sex toy. A rabbit vibrator is essentially a standard vibrator. But don’t be confused as there is one essential ingredient to this vibrator which will be explained later. A rabbit vibrator has a few extra features. The rabbit vibrator is designed especially for the needs of the woman not only for solo stimulation but to enhance lovemaking between couples. Rabbit vibrators truly shine as one of the best sex toys for women. Over the years Rabbit Vibrators having been giving names as they have progressed. For example The Rabbit, Bunny Rabbit, Pearl Rabbit. Essentially these sex toys are all the same with the exception of variation of colour changes. Rabbit vibrators usually have a rotating or gyrating head. Most new rabbits can rotate both clock-wise and counter clockwise with a controller for the speed. The head is most often shaped like a penis to give a realistic feeling but can be found with a curved end for maximum g-spot stimulation. Majority of them have small plastic or metal beads incased in the shaft that vibrates or rotates at varying speeds and directions which can intensify at a touch of a button. These beads serve to enhance the sensation of an orgasm much like a ribbed condom. When the muscles of the vaginal wall contract around these vibrating or rotating beads during an orgasm, the beads provide extra sensations. The beads are found only on a rabbit vibrator and are one of the features that make is so popular. The second and if not most important feature of a rabbit sex toy is the rabbit ears hence the name rabbit vibrator. These ears are shaped much like the ears of rabbit which in turn vibrates and stimulates the clitoral stimulation as they come into direct contact with the clitoris. When shopping for a rabbit vibrator look for variable vibrating speeds and rotations which can easily be controlled either by a fixed handle or a remote control unit. The rabbit is a tried and proven sex toy which was unanimously chosen as the "best vibrator" out of 40 different vibrators on Playboy TV's "Sexcetera" and was selected as the "best vibrator" on a radio station in New York City when pitted against the Hitachi Magic Wand. To enhance your experience when using any vaginal or anal sex toy vibrator make sure to use water based lubricant such as Super Silk. With all this said sex toys can be a wonderful enhancement to lovemaking and a source of truly spectacular pleasure and these toys should not be used in place of your partner but with your partner. best pennis enlargement surgery penis enhancement device best penile enlargement pills permanent penis enlargement vig rx scam pennis enlargement pump vimax penis enlargement herb magna rx picture testimonials pennis enlargement stretcher

While women usually talk about performing a breast enlargement procedure some of the "lucky" ones decide to perform a breast reduction in order to gain some of the lost image and functionality by reshaping their size. In most cases, age deformations, disfigurement caused by accidents, or diseases, are the reasons why women decide to perform a breast reduction cosmetic surgery operation. Determined by her genes as well as by her weight and hormones, the size of a woman's breasts varies with age, height and frame. In fact, while some women develop particularly large breasts from early adolescence, others develop them later in life, during the menopause or following the use of HRT. In many cases, women with large breasts experience a physical and psychological discomfort. Thus, since women can feel very self-conscious and can become depressed about the size of their breasts, many of them resort to the solutions provided through contemporary cosmetic surgery practices like Reduction mammoplasty; generally known as breast reduction. Breast reduction is an operation where the excess fat and skin are removed from the breasts. The breasts are then reshaped to form smaller breasts and the nipples are repositioned. Moreover, breast reduction can also be used to even up the size of the breasts where one is much larger than the other. But since breast reduction is actually a surgery, women tend to get scarred of the results. This is why it is important for the woman that wishes to reduce the size of her breasts to talk with her surgeon and agree beforehand on the desired surgery's outcome. Providing all the past health information to your surgeon is also necessary. The overview of your general health condition can reduce the risks of experiencing any kind of complications during surgery or later after its completion. You will always have a post-operative consultation with your surgeon to review the results and to check on your progress. Once you've returned home, you'll need two to six weeks of rest depending on your age and health. A week or two after surgery, your stitches will either dissolve, or you'll need to return to the hospital to have them removed. Finally, you should consider the results you want to achieve and consult with your experienced breast surgeon before deciding on performing any dramatic change that may have a negative effect to your overall appearance. The surgeon will also give you advice on how best to prepare for the operation. If you are overweight, you may be advised to lose weight beforehand. Since breast size alters with body weight, you will be more suitable for surgery if your weight is stable. Your breasts won't grow again after surgery, but they may still fluctuate in size if you gain or lose weight. Moreover, smokers will be advised to give up because smoking increases the risks of surgery, including delayed healing. Also, in case you are still very young in age, the surgeon will advise you to wait until your breasts have stopped growing before performing the operation. If you decide that you want to have the operation, select a recommended suitably qualified surgeon and ask to sign a consent form. This is to show that you are aware of what the procedure involves, including the possible risks, and give your permission for it to go ahead. Many women find that the benefits of breast reduction far outweigh the side-effects. However, because a breast reduction is done, at least in part, for cosmetic reasons, it is especially important to carefully consider the risks. vimax male virility sexual enhancement penis elargement before and after penis enhancement without pills home pnis enlargement do penis enlarement pills really work penis enlargment excersizes pnis enlargement surgery photo penis enlargment information pennis enlargement stretcher

Stress is talked about a lot in the media and seems to be the cause of almost every disease imaginable. The most common symptoms of stress, according to the American psychological Association, are: - Emotional distress--some combination of anger or irritability, anxiety, and depression, the three stress emotions; - Muscular problems including tension headache, back pain, jaw pain, and the muscular tensions that lead to pulled muscles and tendon and ligament problems; - Stomach, gut and bowel problems such as heartburn, acidic stomach, flatulence, diarrhea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome; - Transient over arousal leads to elevation in blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, sweaty palms, heart palpitations, dizziness, migraine headaches, cold hands or feet, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Acute stress can crop up in anyone's life, and it is highly treatable and manageable. There are many common remedies for stress. Among them are meditation, yoga, gardening, deep breathing, and exercise, and of course various types of psychotherapy and medications. We know how we feel when we are under stress, but we don’t always understand why or how this is happening. Here is a short explanation according to the Traditional Chinese Medical model contrasting it with Traditional Maya Healing model. Let’s start with the basis of everything that exists, Energy or Qi. What is Qi? Qi is universal energy we connect with from our surroundings, also called source or God energy. This energy flows within us, around us and through us. We are this energy vibrating so fast that we appear to be a solid form of matter. Abdominal, Uterine and Prostate health is dependant on the smooth flow of Qi, Blood and fluids through the body/mind complex This Qi flows in vessels or channels called meridians, according to Chinese Medicine. There are 8 meridian/ organ complexes directly responsible for this balance. When in balance, all the systems in the body are working optimally. The meridian system runs contiguously with the nervous system, endocrine system, vascular system and circulatory system. This cycle runs through all the meridians in a cycle called the nutrient cycle; spending approximately 2 hours in each organ complex through the day and night. When the body is in perfect health this energy runs smoothly creating balance in all the physical organs. All movement of energy through the abdomen is dependant on the liver, spleen, stomach. • The Liver is responsible for the smooth flow of Qi, blood and fluids. It works to course the energy through the meridians and the blood through the arteries and veins. It is also responsible for the smooth and regular flow of menstrual blood. • The Spleen is responsible for making blood. Its energy is upward moving, which keeps the organs in their place. This includes the uterus and prostate. It is directly related to uterine and bladder prolapses. • The Stomach moves the energy down. This helps with the digestion and elimination of food. It works with the spleen to form the Central Pivot, a clockwise moving energy system that keeps the energy flowing in its correct direction. The central pivot is also called the Solar Plexus according to Ayurvedic medicine. In a state of balance you don’t realize any of this is happening, digestion is good and thoughts are clear. You are able to breathe deeply and bowels are regular. The Energy System in Oriental Medicine may seem complicated yet it is truly holistic, each area of the body is interrelated in a delicate weave that makes up the intricacies of its divine wisdom. Now let’s add stress to this picture. Stress is a very powerful culprit. In western medicine they have connected how stress can impair our immunity, effect our adrenals causing people to go into fight or flight mode and in extreme cases even post traumatic stress disorder. According to Dr. Rosita Arvigo, teacher of Maya Traditional Healing and Maya Abdominal Massage, many anxieties and emotions through life are stored in our body's tissues and organs. A very common place is in the organs of the digestive system. Those so called "butterflies in your stomach" can lead to constipation, indigestion, heartburn, gastritis, and eventually to Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Gastro-Esophageal Reflux (GERD), Crohn's disease and more. Stresses and emotions cause the small intestine and colon to be "twisted or kinked" leading the blockages in the flow of peristalsis. Surrounding fascia creates adhesions that mal- position organs and impede proper blood flow and enzyme secretions. According to Chinese medicine, because emotions are energy, they overwhelm the Liver, causing stagnation of Liver Qi in the lower rib, upper abdomen area. Stagnation of Liver Qi over a period of time will cause the Spleen and Stomach energy to reverse direction. This may cause or aggravate any or all of the following: (IBS) Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Colitis, Ulcers, Constipation, Diarrhea, (GERD) Gastro– Esophageal Reflux Disease, Leaky Gut Syndrome, Uterine Prolapse, Indigestion, as well as many other chronic diseases and disorders. According to Dr. Rosita Arvigo, individuals with digestive disorders benefit greatly from Maya Abdominal Massage. Many of our common disorders such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Indigestion, Constipation, and heartburn are usually treated with antacids, muscle relaxants, and a variety of other medications. These treatments address symptoms, not the causes. By using the techniques of Maya Abdominal Massage, the upper abdomen is also given a deep, thorough massage to loosen the tight muscles around the stomach and the arteries that feed the digestive and eliminative organs with their vital blood supply. The diaphragm is gently massaged allowing relaxation of tight musculature. Maya Abdominal Massage helps to break down fascial adhesions, scar tissue and removes any "kinks" in the digestive tract. Often there is a dramatic improvement after just one session when combined with proper diet and self-care According to Chinese medicine, the downward movement of the Maya Abdominal Massage helps keep the stomach energy flowing downward. This ensures proper digestion and elimination. It also works to unblock any possible stagnation of Liver Qi which is very common just below the ribs; this ensures the smooth flow of blood, Qi, and fluids through the abdominal cavity. Working on the belly in a clockwise motion keeps the central pivot flowing ensuring the flow of Spleen and stomach Qi. Qi does not flow through scar tissue. By breaking up old scar tissue this allows Qi to flow again where it was once blocked and stagnant. The Arvigo Techniques of Maya Abdominal Massage® are centered around the ancient Mayan techniques, which reposition organs that have dropped and restricted the flow of blood, lymph, and nerve and chi energy. As with any other natural healing, the Arvigo Techniques seek to restore the body to its natural balance. This technique aims to relieve obstruction to the flow of Qi, blood and lymph. Maya Abdominal Massage can help redirect this energy back to its healthy direction and move stagnation so the Qi flows freely through the abdomen creating health and balance. Gentle Self Healing Massage to move Qi in the Abdomen Find a massage oil or crème you like and apply a little to your upper abdomen. Begin by making large circular movements starting just below the ribs working your way down the left side across the lower abdomen and then up the right side; repeat 5 or 6 times. You may hear some movement. Now begin making smaller circles just above the navel in a clockwise direction, left, down, right, up. Do this 5 or 6 times.This will activate the central pivot we talked about earlier. Place your hands over your belly and say out loud the following: “Thank you so much for taking such good care of me all these years.” “You are so beautiful, and I love you.” This helps raise the vibration in the abdomen, allowing for better flow of Qi. Try this for a couple of weeks and see if your abdominal discomfort is better and your stress has dissipated.. Breathing Exercise to Move Qi in the Abdomen: • Place both your hands over your lower abdomen, approximately 2 inches below the navel • Now Breathe deeply • Watch and feel your hands move up and down with each inhalation and exhalation. Notice if you feel any more relaxed or if any thoughts come to mind • Do this at least 10 times to move and circulate your Qi • As this gets easier put a light book on your belly, 2 inches below the navel The benefits of this exercise are: • Increased lung capacity. • Better digestion • The ability to relax quickly during a stressful situation *Excerpts by Dr. Rosita Arvigo are taken from her website; www.Arvigomassage.com The Arvigo Techniques of Maya Abdominal Massage TM are founded on the ancient Mayan technique of abdominal massage which is an external non invasive manipulation that repositions internal organs that have shifted, thereby restricting the flow of blood, lymph, nerve and chi. Based on over thirty years of training and experience in massage, naprapathy, herbology, and spiritual healing, Dr. Rosita Arvigo developed these techniques which now bear her name. This modality incorporates a holistic approach to health care which includes massage, anatomy and physiology, herbology, nutrition, and emotional and spiritual healing. Dr. Arvigo believes that with any natural healing technique, these areas must be simultaneously addressed to promote optimal health. Dr. Arvigo learned these techniques from her mentor, Don Elijio Panti, the great Maya Shaman of Belize, Central America with whom she apprenticed for ten years. Don Elijio believed that a woman's center is her uterus. "If a woman's uterus is out of balance, so is she," he would say. Midwives and healers of Central America agree that most female troubles are caused by the wandering womb. Don Elijio passed away in 1996 at the age of 103. Rosita also studied with Hortence Robinson, a 73 year old herbal midwife of Belize who has been delivering babies since she was 13. The Arvigo Techniques of Maya Abdominal Massage TM address position and health of the pelvic and abdominal organs. The work is best known for the correction of the prolapsed, fallen, or tilted uterus and for the prevention and treatment of benign prostate enlargement in men, and for relief of many common digestive disorders. top rated pnis enlargement pills pennis enlargement result free penis enlargement pills medical pnis enlargement penis enhancement pills review enlargement forum free matter penis size penis enlargment exercise free pennis enlargement video pennis enlargement stretcher

Primates are a category of mammals that include humans, apes, lemurs and monkeys. Covering over 185 species, they range from lemurs -with hardly any resemblance to humans- to chimpanzees, which are clearly our own kin. In size, they range from the tiny 60 g bush baby to the huge 200 kg gorilla. Primates are characterized by a complex brain, good binocular vision and means of grasping. In addition, they experience long periods in the womb, followed by slow maturation and elongated lifespan. Africa has the privilege of hosting 51 primate species in habitats varying from forests to savannah woodlands. And new primate species are still being discovered. One of the latest additions is the highland mangabey monkey, whose domicile is the Udzungwa Mountains of southern Tanzania. Scientists were delighted, but nevertheless puzzled when they reported the finding in May 2005; "This exciting discovery demonstrates once again how little we know about our closest living relatives, the nonhuman primates. A large, striking monkey in a country of considerable wildlife research over the last century has been hidden right under our noses," said Russell Mittermeier of the IUCN-The World Conservation Union's Species Survival Commission. Sensing our fascination with nonhuman primates, artists have in response created fictional characters that have turned out to be immensely popular. The most successful of this genre is the story of "Tarzan of the Apes". This romance features an orphaned English lord who was adopted by a female ape and brought up in the African jungle. The writer Edgar Rice Burroughs brought Tarzan-one of the best-known literary characters, to life in 1921. Tarzan, an ape-man character has over the years generated over 40 movies, and numerous radio shows, television programmes and comic books. Primate characters reflect mans complex nature more closely than other animal characters in fiction and mythology. Come to think of it: in this respect, the naughty tree-swinging monkey is more deserving of our respect than haughty king lion. Non-human primates are confined to the tropics, where 80% of them live in rain forests as the dominant mammals. East Africa has few patches of tropical forests where you find the great apes, but the entire region supports many other primate species. Only a few species are not dependent on trees and can survive in savannah and sub desert areas. These include baboons, vervet monkeys and chimpanzees. Not surprisingly, travellers to east Africa are most likely to come across these three species. But most primates still depend on trees or cliffs for security. Only the two most intriguing primate species sleep on the ground-man and gorilla. We shall not discuss these two species in this article and shall cover them in separate features. For now, we shall only able to look at the four most common primates found in East Africa; bush babies, monkeys, baboons and chimpanzees. Primates have complex social organizations and the majority live in female-bonded groups. Scientists speculate that this works as an alliance against aggressive males. Females stay on in their natal group even after maturity, while males exit the group. Feminist fundamentalists may perhaps take a hint in this arrangement? Chimpanzees make an exception to this rule. Very much like humans, female chimps seek an alliance with a male protector, which is recognised and respected by other males. A common feature among primates is evolution of the "primate hand."This is a prehensile hand that is used for climbing and eating, and tool making in the case of apes. Some primates- especially baboons and apes, have such well-developed dexterity of the hand that the tips of the thumb and forefinger meet at right angles. In apes, the dexterity of the hands is very close that of humans -and chimps are a good example. Primates, just like humans, use social grooming as a form of contact communication. Travellers will witness this practice among baboons and vervet monkeys. Grooming is useful for social bonding and is effected by use of the mouth and hands. At a more practical level, it is also used to clean the body of parasites, such as ticks. Grooming underlines hierarchies; a junior member of a group will happily groom its betters. Reproduction in primates is quite varied, but there is much in common with humans. Monkeys and apes, for example, actually do menstruate. A key difference however, is that many primates have distinct breeding seasons. The young are dependent on the mother, but less so than human infants. They enjoy the protection of a fur coat and are able to climb and reach the mothers' teats and cling to her while being transported. Males generally play a marginal role in parental care. Bush babies are a big group of primates, comprising about 18 species found Africa, and of which 11 species live in East Africa. This is one of the smallest but most successful of the primates. There are two main types: the lesser bush baby and the greater bush baby. Both are widely distributed and found in the forested national parks of East Africa. During the day, they hide to avoid harm from eagles and large snakes. In lodges located close to dense forest, such as Shimba Hills in Kenya, bush babies are at night attracted to the dining rooms by sugar and sugary products. They otherwise feed mainly on tree gum and insects. Their technique of catching insects is either by leaping and grabbing or by creeping to within grabbing distance. They have distinct vocal sounds and the name bush baby originated from the piercing baby-like cries or advertising calls of the greater bush baby. Adult males advertise the most, especially in the mating season. Bush babies are easy to like-perhaps on account of their baby-like cries and small innocent looking faces. They are active only after sundown. Extremely agile and sprightly, they use their elongated hind limbs to execute spectacular leaps between trees. Distended finger and toe pads enable them to cling unerringly, leap after leap, to even the most slippery branches. The other small primates like bush babies are pottos. Being small and nocturnal, you will hardly ever see them. Only one species is found in East Africa -in south and west Uganda, far northwest Tanzania and western Kenya in the Mount Elgon and Kakamega forests. Pottos wear a woolly brown jacket and have large protuberant eyes, small rounded naked ears, short muzzles and short stubby tails. They weigh between 0.8 - 1.6kg. Monkeys are a category of dog-shaped primates. They stand and move horizontally on four legs, with head directed forwards and downwards. Consequently, the form and movement is also doglike, particularly for the more terrestrial ones like baboons. Their bottoms are padded with bare "scars" that may appear like wounds. These are called callosities, and their colouration varies with the reproductive season. The phenomenon is most prominent among baboons and is quite puzzling to many travellers. There is a clear distinction in form and structure of the genders in monkeys. This is especially so among baboons, in which females are clearly smaller in body size - by as much as 50% compared males. The posture and movement of monkeys is often a reflection of their social status. The confident monkey appears relaxed and walks with its limbs extended and back level. It surveys its realm casually and is at ease while resting. On the other hand, subordinates walk with back hunched, limbs rather bent and tail low or curved downwards. Dominant males are known to exaggerate their status by walking with a swagger and squatting with obvious ostentation. This behaviour is the subject of many metaphors in African folklore. Monkeys are generally social, though they exhibit occasional rivalry. When attempting to intimidate a rival, a monkey stands at its tallest, with the effect that it looks bigger than it realy is-, which of course is precisely the point. "Filling yourself like a male monkey" is a common teenage statement in Africa, and originates from this practice. Many travellers will have noticed that adult male monkeys like exposing their genitals to impress or maybe intimidate other males. Baboons are especially notorious for this rather unwholesome exhibitionist behaviour. Do not be offended when you find a dominant male, sitting apart on high vantage point, facing away from the troop as he scans the surrounding with legs spread apart to expose the penis. This is a particularly noticeable thing about baboons, or perhaps it is what humans cannot avoid noticing- being so well trained to look down upon such immodest displays. Among the monkeys species found in East Africa are the blue or syke monkey, the vervet monkey and the colobus monkey. Sykes are dark, stoutly built and have round facial disk and no beard. They weigh up to 12kg, with males larger and heavier than females. The body is covered by thick long fur with a brown patch of bristling hair. Sykes are quite widespread in East Africa and can generally be sighted in all forested national parks. But as they as not aware of park boundaries, you will also see them in thick forests and forest reserves outside the parks. They are however slowly being confined to national parks due continuing degradation of protected forests. Sykes mostly feed on fruits and leaves and occasionally insects and flowers. The vervet monkey is light coloured with a black face; males have a pale blue scrotum. This monkey weighs between 5 and 9kg. The vervet is adapted to practically all woodland habitats, outside equatorial rain forests. It does not venture very far from the safety of trees, on which it also depends for food. You will commonly find it on forest edges and is typically associated with riverine vegetation and acacia trees. These monkeys are very friendly to people and almost serve as de facto receptionists in most national parks. When a vertet hops onto your car as you arrive at park gate, it is looking after its own interests. Humans like to feed monkeys and it hopes to save the lots of energy and the risk involved in natural foraging in the bush. However, it is illegal to feed monkeys or any wildlife in all parks in East Africa. Also be warned- these monkeys can bite if scared. Their teeth and claws can inflict serious injuries and you should therefore avoid close bodily contact. Vervet monkeys are omnivorous and consume a wide range of plant materials like fruits, seeds, sap, and flowers. They also feed on invertebrates and have sometimes balance the vegetarian fare with vertebrates such as lizards and nestling birds and their eggs. They are often found in the same areas as baboons with which they share many foods, water holes and sleeping trees. The baboon is however not good company for vervets; it is without mercy for its smaller relative. When they compete for food, vervets are supplanted and baboons will occasionally feed on young vervets. Vervet monkeys are territorial and live in troops of between 8-50 members. Their troops are organized in a hierarchy of families whose members sleep, forage and rest together. Males move out as they reach maturity at about the age of 5 years, while females remain in a female-bonded society. They pass on hereditary privileges: a mother's rank predetermines that of the daughter. The baboon is the other very common primate in the savannahs of East Africa. It is a large, terrestrial monkey with a dog like head. Indeed its scientific name is, papio cynocephalus -here cynocephalus means "dog-headed." They weigh up to 50 kg, with males reaching up to twice the weight of females. Their limbs are sturdy, nearly equal in length while hands and feet are short and wide with stubby digits. The females have very prominent sexual swellings. Baboons in East Africa appear in two common species - olive and yellow baboons. Next to humans, baboons are the best adapted of the terrestrial primates. For this reason, they are the most widespread African primate- to be found from savannah to arid habitats, so long as there is water and trees or just cliffs. Most travellers will see baboons on the highways, in many places across the region. They live well enough outside protected areas, such as national parks. They are serious crop pests and are even classified as vermin -not wildlife- but in parts of Kenya. A baboons' menu include grasses, flowers, fruits, seeds and shoots. In the dry season, they uproot grasses and feed on the underground stems, a niche they share with no other mammal except warthogs. Beware that baboons are fierce fighters and with group work can confront and scare off a sharp predator such as leopard. Because of their well-developed taste for fruits and other foods humans are partial to, baboons tend to stalk visitors in national parks. In some cases they supplement their diet with vertebrate prey: fish, lizards and young of ground nesting birds, and bird or crocodile eggs. Baboons live in troops ranging from 8 to over 200 animals, but typically average about 40. Troops tend to avoid one another but may occasionally share resources. Their social organization is highly complex and variable; they are able to display emotion and can communicate motivation. Females remain in the troop, with a reproductive strategy grounded on male supremacy. The colobus monkey is another common primate that is the subject of many parables in Africa. The black and white colobus are especially priced for their beautiful coat, which has traditionally been used as ceremonial attire. The colobus is found only in Africa and has a long tail and hairs. The body weight reaches up to 23 kg. Both the black and white species are well adapted and have inherited many kinds of forest woodlands throughout East Africa. They live up at the trees and rarely descend to the ground. This rather shy animal is not easily sighted in the open and you are more likely to see or hear them in thick woodlands and forested parks. The apes are a category of primates represented in Africa by gorilla, chimpanzees and bonobo. Genetically, they are the closest primates to man. The apes have very advanced social and communication systems. They come close to humans in the use of facial expressions and body language; using both arms and hands. Apart from mother-infant contact, apes groom each other in the usual primate fashion- rank determines who grooms whom. Apes are particularly adept at tactile communications; that is use of touch. They seek and give reassurance by touching each other - just like we do -on the most sensitive areas like hands, face and genitals. Apes are slow to mature, with the young reaching adolescence at about the age of 8 years. Females bring forth their first fruits in their early teens, much earlier than males who rarely start procreating before reaching 15 years. All apes build nests- in this case, a platform on which to sleep securely at night: chimps up the trees and gorillas on the ground. Generally all the apes are endangered and vulnerable. The problem is that they occur naturally in very small densities and face immediate threat of habitat loss throughout their ranges. The situation is further compounded by the fact that they perpetuate themselves at a rather slow pace. The other risk is the bush meat trade that goes on in some parts of Africa, which takes them out in large numbers every year. The situation deteriorated after the 1980's, when many previously inaccessible tracts of rainforest were opened up for logging. Although apes are not known to eat humans, there are reports of their killing human babies in western Uganda - especially in Bwindi and Kibale forests. This phenomenon is as yet unexplained and is very puzzling to primate researchers Chimpanzees are large, hairy and tailless; females weigh between 30-40 kg, while males can reach 180 kg. They have big heads, flattened face with a small nose and forward facing eyes. They have same number and type of teeth as man. The chimp is indeed our closet living relative, sharing 98% of our genes and much of our behaviour. The chimp and mountain gorilla are the only great apes found naturally is East Africa. Seeing chimps in the wild is an exhilarating experience. And Uganda is the best country in the world to view chimps in their natural habitat. In Uganda, you encounter chimps at Queen Elizabeth National Park and Kibale and Budingo forest. In Tanzania, you see them at Gombe National Park, to the north west of the country. Kenya has no naturally occurring chimps population, but at Nanyuki in the central region, there is a sanctuary for chimps rescued from the illegal trade going on in parts of central and West Africa. Chimps are mainly found in rainforest and wet savannah. They are less robustly built than gorillas; their arms are shorter, reaching just below the knees and the hands and fingers are long with short thumbs. The feet are adapted for grasping, with long, stout opposable big toe. Chimpanzees feed mainly on fruits mostly gathered from trees and the young leaves of plants. They also feed on flowers, pith, and bark and also derive additional nutrients from insects and some meat too- young antelopes, goats, and other primates such as young baboons and colobus monkeys. Chimps are articulate tool users- a clear sign of a hard working brain. They can pick up small objects between thumbs and side of the index finger. They possess the acumen to prepare and use grass stems and sticks to fish for insects. A female on heat may mate with several males. It gives birth to a single off spring, which is independent after about 4 years. The chimps are individualistic and do not live in cohesive groups like gorillas or monkeys. They live in communities, with up to 100 animals sharing a common home range. But they never assemble in a single troop. Jane Goodall, in her book "The Chimpanzees of Gombe", has shown that chimps, in common with humans, engage in some very disagreeable behaviour. Males occasionally rape females and engage in internecine warfare. Dr. Goodall has reported that from early 1974, a brutal four-year war raged in Gombe between two chimp groups that resulted in the decimation of one group. The best way to see the primates of East Africa is by taking a combined Kenya and Uganda safari. On such as safari, you will of course see the other wildlife East Africa is famed for, but be sure that the locations where primates are found are covered. On safari, wear light cottons and linen. But also pack some warmer clothing, as the evenings and early mornings can be quite chilly. Some rainwear is advisable between March and June and October and December. You should bring along a decent pair of sunglasses and a pair of binoculars. They are very useful for spotting animals and you will be the envy of your less knowledgeable traveling companions Copyright © Africa Point